STUDI ETNOGRAFI PREFERENSI SISWA MELANJUTKAN SEKOLAH KE SMA DARIPADA SMK DI ERA KEBIJAKAN PENGEMBANGAN SMK (DI KABUPATEN BANGLI)

Abstract

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi preferensi siswa melanjutkan sekolah ke SMA daripada SMK. Bagaimanakah peran kepribadian dan motivasi siswa, orang tua, teman sebaya, nilai dan budaya, kondisi sosial ekonomi, dan citra mutu SMK terhadap preferensi siswa tersebut.

Grand teori yang mendukung dalam proses pembahasan masalah antara lain: kepribadian dan motivasi, sistem nilai dan budaya, kelompok teman sebaya, status sosial ekonomi keluarga, peran orang keluarga terutama orang tua, citra dan mutu SMK dan kebijakan pengembangan SMK.

Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi etnografi dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Key informan adalah siswa SMA, sedangkan guru, orang tua siswa, teman sebaya siswa dan masyarakat lainnya sebagai informan. Teknik sampling menggunakan teknik sampel bertujuan (purposive sample) dan teknik sampling bola salju (snow ball). Teknik pengumpulan data lapangan adalah observasi, interview, dokumentasi dan gabungan ketiganya. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis data kualitatif (Analisis Interaktif) menurut konsep Miles and Huberman yang terdiri dari aktivitas:  reduksi data (data reduction), penyajian data (data display), dan mengambil kesimpulan dan verifikasi (conclusion drawing/verification)..

Kesimpulan dari hasil pengolahan data: Faktor-faktor penyebab preferensi siswa melanjutkan ke SMA daripada SMK antara lain: (1) motivasi siswa melanjutkan ke perguruan tinggi, (2) SMK belum dikenal luas oleh masyarakat Bangli, (3) orang tua mengarahkan anaknya  ke perguruan tinggi, (4) citra SMA lebih bergengsi daripada SMK, (5) perilaku konformitas, (6) pandangan lulusan SMA lebih mudah mencari pekerjaan dan  perguruan tinggi, (7) tidak memiliki keahlian khusus seperti di SMK, (8) belum memiliki cita-cita, (9) SMK prioritas kedua, (10) kesan lulusan SMK menjurus ke pekerja kasar, (11) persepsi lulusan SMK dunia kerjanya  terbatas, (12) kesan sekedar sekolah di SMK, (13) rendahnya jiwa wirausaha (entrepreneurship) masyarakat. Peran kepribadian dan motivasi siswa, orang tua, teman sebaya, sistem nilai dan budaya siswa dan lingkungannya, kondisi sosial ekonomi keluarga dan citra mutu SMK sangat menentukan preferensi siswa melanjutkan ke SMA daripada SMK. Kesimpulan inti yang dapat ditarik sebagai benang merah akar penyebab masalah adalah: karena sampai saat ini SMK belum memiliki “brand image”, kurangnya sosialisasi dan perlunya pemilihan media sosialisasi yang tepat sesuai dengan kondisi sosial masyarakat.

Kata Kunci: Studi Etnografi, Preferensi Siswa ke SMA daripada SMK, Kebijakan Pengembangan SMK.

ABSTRACT

This research aims at identifying the factors which are influence for the preference of students to continue their study to Senior High School (SMA) rather than to Vocational High School (SMK). It also aims at identifying the determining factor of personality and motivation of students, parents, friends of the same age, value and culture, socio economic condition, the image and   quality of Vocational High School on the students’ preference.

The grand theory which is used to support the discussion includes: personality and motivation, the system of value and culture, group of friends of the same age, socio economic status of their families, the role of their families especially their parents, the image and quality of Vocational High School (SMK) and the policy of SMK development.

This research is classified as ethnographic study with descriptive qualitative approach. The key informants are the students of Senior High School (SMA), while the teachers, the parents, the students’ friends of the same age and the other community members are only informants. The sampling techniques used are the purposive sampling and snow ball sampling techniques. The field data needed were obtained through observation, interview, documentation and their combination. The data were analyzed using qualitative data analysis (Interactive Analysis) which, according to the concepts introduced by Miles and Huberman, consists of data reduction, data display, conclusion withdrawing and verification.

The results show that the factors which were responsible for the students’ preference to go to Senior High School (SMA) to Vocational High School (SMK) are as follows: (1) the students were motivated to go to university; (2) the vocational high schools available in Bangli were not widely known by the community; (3) their parents directed them to go to university; (4) the image of senior high schools is better than the image of vocational high schools; (5) conformity behavior; (6) there was a view that it was easier for Senior High School graduates to find jobs and to go to university; (7) they did not have any particular skills as Vocational High School graduates; (8) they did not have any ambitions; (9) Vocational High School was given the second priority; (10) there was an impression that vocational high school graduates were directed to be black color workers; (11) there was a perception that job opportunities for vocational high school graduates were limited; (12) there was an impression going to vocational high school was just for killing time; (13) the entrepreneurship among the community members was still low. In short, the role of personality and the motivation of the students, the parents, the system of value and culture of the students and their environment, socio economic condition of their families and the image of the quality of Vocational High School affected the students’ preference to go to Senior High School to Vocational High School. The main conclusion which can be withdrawn is that Vocational High School has not had any “brand image” so far. Further socialization is necessarily made and a proper means of socialization which is in accordance with the socio culture of the community should be found out.

Key words: Ethnographic Study, the Preference of Students to go to Senior High School to Vocational High School, the Policy of Vocational High School Development.